The Novikov equation is an integrable analogue of the CamassaHolm equation with a cubic (rather than quadratic) nonlinear term. Both these equations support a special family of weak solutions called multipeakon solutions. In this paper, an approach involving Pfaffians is applied to study multipeakons of the Novikov equation. First, we show that the Novikov peakon ODEs describe an isospectral flow on the manifold cut out by certain Pfaffian identities. Then, a link between the Novikov peakons and the finite Toda lattice of BKP type (B-Toda lattice) is established based on the use of Pfaffians. Finally, certain generalizations of the Novikov equation and the finite B-Toda lattice are proposed together with special solutions. To our knowledge, it is the first time that the peakon problem is interpreted in terms of Pfaffians.

Firstly, a formal correspondence is established between the CamassaHolm (CH) equation and a two-component modified CH (or called SQQ) equation according to the method of <i>moment modification</i> for multipeakon formulae. Secondly, based on the generalized nonisospectral CH equation in Chang et al. (2014) [14] and the interlacing multipeakons of the two-component modified CH equation in Chang et al. (2016) [15], we propose a new generalized two-component modified CH equation with two parameters, which possesses a nonisospectral Lax pair. The proposed equation still admits multipeakon solutions of explicit and closed form. Sufficient conditions for global existence of solutions are given and two concrete examples with certain interesting phenomenon are presented. Last of all, as a by-product, a generalized nonisospectral modified CH equation is deduced, together with its Lax pair.

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We prove we can build (transitive or nontransitive) Anosov flows on closed three-dimensional manifolds by gluing together filtrating neighborhoods of hyperbolic sets. We give several applications of this result; for example: 1.We build a closed three-dimensional manifold supporting both a transitive Anosov vector field and a nontransitive Anosov vector field. 2.For any n, we build a closed three-dimensional manifold M supporting at least n pairwise different Anosov vector fields. 3.We build transitive hyperbolic attractors with prescribed entrance foliation; in particular, we construct some incoherent transitive hyperbolic attractors. 4.We build a transitive Anosov vector field admitting infinitely many pairwise nonisotopic transverse tori.

In this Letter we propose that for Lax integrable nonlinear partial differential equations the natural concept of weak solutions is implied by the compatibility condition for the respective distributional Lax pairs. We illustrate our proposal by comparing two concepts of weak solutions of the modified Camassa-Holm equation pointing out that in the <i>peakon</i> sector (a family of non-smooth solitons) only one of them, namely the one obtained from the distributional compatibility condition, supports the time invariance of the Sobolev <i>H</i>¹ norm.