We study the heat kernel of a regular symmetric Dirichlet form on a metric space with doubling measure, in particular, a connection between the properties of the jump measure and the long time behaviour of the heat kernel. Under appropriate optimal hypotheses, we obtain the Hölder regularity and lower estimates of the heat kernel.

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We determine exact exponential asymptotics of eigenfunctions and of corresponding transfer matrices of the almost Mathieu operators for all frequencies in the localization regime. This uncovers a universal structure in their behavior, governed by the continued fraction expansion of the frequency, explaining some predictions in physics literature. In addition it proves the arithmetic version of the frequency transition conjecture. Finally, it leads to an explicit description of several non-regularity phenomena in the corresponding non-uniformly hyperbolic cocycles, which is also of interest as both the first natural example of some of those phenomena and, more generally, the first non-artificial model where non-regularity can be explicitly studied.

We prove the diagonal upper bound of heat kernels for regular Dirichlet forms on metric measure spaces with volume doubling condition. As hypotheses, we use the Faber-Krahn inequality, the generalized capacity condition and an upper bound for the integrated tail of the jump kernel. The proof goes though a parabolic mean value inequality for subcaloric functions.

The Cauchy problem for the barotropic compressible Navier--Stokes equations on the whole two-dimensional space with vacuum as far field density is considered. When the shear viscosity is a positive constant and the bulk one is a power function of density with the power bigger than four-thirds, the global existence and uniqueness of strong and classical solutions is established. It should be remarked that there are no restrictions on the size of the data.