We introduce a semi-algebraic structure on the set of all isotopy classes of non-separating simple closed curves in any compact oriented surface and show that the structure is finitely generated. As a consequence, we produce a natural finite dimensional linear representation of the mapping class group of the surface. Applications to the Teichmller space, Thurston's measured lamination space, the harmonic Beltrami differentials, and the first cohomology groups of the surface are discussed.

We show that the order of the cardinality of maximal complete $1$-systems of loops on non-orientable surfaces is $\sim |\chi|^{2}$. In particular, we determine the exact cardinality of maximal complete $1$-systems of loops on punctured projective planes. To prove these results, we show that the cardinality of maximal systems of arcs pairwise-intersecting at most once on a non-orientable surface is $2|\chi|(|\chi|+1)$.

Recently Freed and Hopkins [11] proved that there is no parity anomaly in M-theory on pin+ manifolds in the low-energy field theory approximation, and they also developed an algebraic theory of cubic forms. Earlier Witten [33] proved the anomaly cancellation for spin manifolds by introducing the E8-bundle technique. Motivated by the cubic forms and the anomaly cancellation formulas of Witten-Freed-Hopkins, we give some new cubic forms on spin, spinc, spinω2 and orientable 12- manifolds respectively. We relate them to η-invariants when the manifolds are with boundary, and mod 2 indices on 10 dimensional characteristic submanifolds when the manifolds are spinc or spinω2 . Our method of producing these cubic forms is a combination of (generalized) Witten classes and the character of the basic representation of affine E8.

In this paper, we study the Pontryagin numbers of 24 dimensional String manifolds. In partic- ular, we find representatives of an integral basis of the String cobrodism group at dimension 24, based on the work of Mahowald and Hopkins (The structure of 24 dimensional manifolds having normal bundles which lift to B O [8], from “Recent progress in homotopy theory” (D. M. Davis, J. Morava, G. Nishida, W. S. Wilson, N. Yagita, editors), Contemp. Math. 293, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 89-110, 2002), Borel and Hirzebruch (Am J Math 80: 459–538, 1958) and Wall (Ann Math 75:163–198, 1962). This has immediate applications on the divisibility of various characteristic numbers of the manifolds. In particular, we establish the 2-primary divisibilities of the signature and of the modified signature coupling with the integral Wu class of Hopkins and Singer (J Differ Geom 70:329–452, 2005), and also the 3- primary divisibility of the twisted signature. Our results provide potential clues to understand a question of Teichner.

We exhibit the first examples of hyperbolic three-manifolds for which the Seiberg-Witten equations do not admit any irreducible solution. Our approach relies on hyperbolic geometry in an essential way; it combines an explicit upper bound for the first eigenvalue on coexact 1-forms λ_1^* on rational homology spheres which admit irreducible solutions together with a version of the Selberg trace formula relating the spectrum of the Laplacian on coexact 1-forms with the volume and complex length spectrum of a hyperbolic three-manifold. Using these relationships, we also provide precise numerical bounds on λ_1^* for several hyperbolic rational homology spheres.