Information Technology has enabled new levels of convenience to our daily life. While providing people with astonishingly good experiences, computer science has still a long way to meet the needs from the users for various scenarios. As a good example, path selection problem is an important and common problem which finds applications in location based services, internet routing and navigation systems. Choosing the most cost effective and time saving routines plays an essential role in both theory and engineering. Although a plethora of classical solutions have been made to the static shortest path problem, dynamic shortest path problem has not been thoroughly studied. To address this critical issue, this paper investigates the dynamic shortest path problem by optimizing existing work and conducting extensive experiments. The studies fall into three main variants of the problem: unweighted shortest paths, weighted shortest paths, and shortest paths on the map. We present a comprehensive comparison of our optimizations and existing solutions which demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of our algorithms.

We proved in this paper that 14 triangles are necessary to triangulate a square with every angle no more than 72◦, answering an unsolved problem proposed by Professor D.Eppstein. At first, computer is used to search for topologically feasible solutions of triangulations of a rectangle. Then the geometric feasibility is analyzed case by case by plane geometry. We also proved that any rectangle can be 72◦ triangulated if the number of triangles is not limited.

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In his article “Defend the Roman Empire!” (1999), Ian Stewart discussed a strategy of Emperor Constantine for defending the Roman Empire. Motivated by this article, Cockayne et al. (2004) introduced the notion of Roman domination in graphs. Let 𝐺 = (𝑉, 𝐸) be a graph. A Roman dominating function of 𝐺 is a function 𝑓 ∶ 𝑉 → {0, 1, 2} such that every vertex 𝑣 for which 𝑓(𝑣) = 0 has a neighbor 𝑢 with 𝑓(𝑢) = 2. The weight of a Roman dominating function 𝑓 is 𝑤(𝑓) =∑_𝑣∈𝑉 𝑓(𝑣). The Roman domination number of a graph 𝐺, denoted by 𝛾_𝑅(𝐺), is the minimum weight of all possible Roman dominating functions. This paper introduces a quantity 𝑅(𝑥𝑦) for each pair of non-adjacent vertices {𝑥, 𝑦 }in 𝐺, called the Roman dominating index of{ 𝑥, 𝑦} , which is defined by &𝑅(𝑥𝑦) = 𝛾_𝑅(𝐺) − 𝛾_𝑅(𝐺 + 𝑥𝑦)&. We prove that 0 ≤ 𝑅(𝑥𝑦) ≤ 1 and give a necessary and sufficient condition on {𝑥, 𝑦} for which 𝑅(𝑥𝑦)= 1. This paper also introduces the Roman-critical graph. We call 𝐺 = (𝑉, 𝐸) Roman-critical if 𝛾_𝑅(𝐺 − 𝑒) > 𝛾_𝑅(𝐺) , ∀𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 . It is proved that a Roman-critical graph can only be a star graph whose order is not equal to 2, or the union of such graphs. In addition, this paper shows that for each connected graph 𝐺 of order& 𝑛 ≥ 3,2 ≤ 𝛾_𝑅(𝐺) ≤frac{4𝑛}{5}&. A family of graphs for which the respective equality holds is also provided. Finally, this paper finds the lower bound of the Roman domination number for 3-regular graphs and the exact value of the Roman domination number for &𝐶_frac{𝑛}{2}*𝑃2& and 3-regular circulant graphs.

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