Let (M, ω) be a compact symplectic 4-manifold with a compatible almost complex structure J. The problem of finding a J-compatible symplectic form with prescribed volume form is an almost-K¨ahler analogue of Yau’s theorem and is connected to a programme in symplectic topology proposed by Donaldson. We call the corresponding equation for the symplectic form the Calabi- Yau equation. Solutions are unique in their cohomology class. It is shown in this paper that a solution to this equation exists if the Nijenhuis tensor is small in a certain sense. Without this assumption, it is shown that the problem of existence can be reduced to obtaining a C0 bound on a scalar potential function.

1 Preliminaries 3 1.1 Linear algebra 3 1.1. 1 Vectors and matrices 3 1.1. 2 Symmetric bilinear forms 5 1.1. 3 Vector subspaces 6 1.1. 4 Linear maps from Rn to Rn 7 1.1. 5 A convention 9 1.2 Vector calculus 9

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We describe a new family of representations of 1() in PU(2,1), where  is a hyperbolic Riemann surface with at least one deleted point. This family is obtained by a bending process associated to an ideal triangulation of . We give an explicit description of this family by describing a coordinates system in the spirit of shear coordinates on the Teichm¨uller space. We identify within this family new examples of discrete, faithful, and type-preserving representations of 1(). In turn, we obtain a 1-parameter family of embeddings of the Teichm¨uller space of  in the PU(2,1)-representation variety of 1(). These results generalise to arbitrary  the results obtained in [42] for the 1-punctured torus.

Hamilton's Ricci flow (RF) equations were recently expressed in terms of a sparsely-coupled system of autonomous first-order nonlinear differential equations for the edge lengths of a d-dimensional piecewise linear (PL) simplicial geometry. More recently, this system of discrete Ricci flow (DRF) equations was further simplified by explicitly constructing the Forman-Ricci tensor associated to each edge, thereby diagonalizing the first-order differential operator and avoiding the need to invert large sparse matrices at each time step. We recently showed analytically and numerically that these equations converge for axisymmetric 3-geometries to the corresponding continuum RF equations. We demonstrate here that these DRF equations yield an explicit numerical realization of Thurston's geometrization procedure for a discrete 3D axially-symmetric neckpinch geometry by using surgery to explicitly integrate through its Type-1 neck pinch singularity. A cubic-spline-based adaptive mesh was required to complete the evolution. Our numerically efficient simulations yield the expected Thurston decomposition of the sufficiently pinched axially symmetric geometry into its unique geometric structure--a direct product of two lobes, each collapsing toward a 3-sphere geometry. The structure of our curvature may be used to better inform one of the vertex and edge weighting factors that appear in the Forman's expression of Ricci curvature on graphs.