Rerandomization is a strategy for improving balance on observed covariates in randomized controlled trials. It has been both advocated and advised against by renowned scholars of experimental design. However, the relationship and differences between stratification, rerandomization, and the combination of the two have not been previously investigated. In this paper, we show that stratified designs can be recreated by rerandomization and explain why, in most cases, stratification on binary covariates followed by rerandomization on continuous covariates is more efficient than rerandomization on all covariates at the same time.

We give a new characterization of the Orlicz–Sobolev space$W$^{1,Ψ}(R^{$n$}) in terms of a pointwise inequality connected to the Young function Ψ. We also study different Poincaré inequalities in the metric measure space.

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The harmonic Bergman kernel$Q$_{Ω}for a simply, connected planar domain Ω can be expanded in terms of powers of the Friedrichs operator$F$_{Ω}║$F$_{Ω}║<1 in operator norm. Suppose that Ω is the image of a univalent analytic function ø in the unit disk with ø' ($z$)=1+ψ ($z$) where ψ(0)=0. We show that if the function ψ belongs to a space$D$_{$s$}($D$),$s$>0, of Dirichlet type, then provided that ║ψ║∞<1 the series for$Q$_{Ω}also converges pointwise in $$\bar \Omega \times \bar \Omega \backslash \Delta (\partial \Omega )$$ , and the rate of convergence can be estimated. The proof uses the eigenfunctions of the Friedrichs operator as well as a formula due to Lenard on projections in Hilbert spaces. As an application, we show that for every$s$>0 there exists a constant$C$_{$s$}>0 such that if ║ψ║_{$D$}_{s}($D$)≤$C$_{$s$}, then the biharmonic Green function for Ω=ø ($D$) is positive.

This paper presents an elementary proof of the following theorem: Given {$r$_{$j$}}_{$j$}^{$m$}=1 with m=d+1, fix $$fix R \geqslant \sum\nolimits_{j = 1}^m {r_j } $$ and let Q=[−R, R]^{d}. Then any f∈ L^{2}(Q) is completely determined by its averages over cubes of side r_{j}that are completely contained in Q and have edges parallel to the coordinate axes if and only if r_{j}/r_{k}is irrational for j≠k. When$d$=2 this theorem is known as the local three squares theorem and is an example of a Pompeiu-type theorem. The proof of the theorem combines ideas in multisensor deconvolution and the theory of sampling on unions of rectangular lattices having incommensurate densities with a theorem of Young on sequences biorthogonal to exact sequences of exponentials.