The main goal of this paper is to extend the approximation theorem of contiuous functions by Haar polynomials (see Theorem A) to infinite matrices (see Theorem C). The extension to the matricial framework will be based on the one hand on the remark that periodic functions which belong to$L$^{∞}($T$) may be one-to-one identified with Toeplitz matrices from$B$($l$_{2}) (see Theorem 0) and on the other hand on some notions given in the paper. We mention for instance:$ms$—a unital commutative subalgebra of$l$^{∞},$C$($l$_{2}) the matricial analogue of the space of all continuous periodic functions$C$($T$), the matricial Haar polynomials, etc.

This paper proposes a second-order pedestrian model that comprises two types of equations: continuity equation and a set of transport equations. To complete the model, we develop Eikonal equations to explicitly consider the effects of the collective decisions of individuals and crowd pressure on pedestrian dynamics. Then, the crowd movement is simulated using a set of partial differential equations under appropriate initial and boundary conditions. Based on the stability requirements derived by performing a standard linear stability analysis, suitable parameters are selected to test the model in a numerical example. The proposed second-order system is then solved using the characteristic-wise third-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO3) scheme, and the Eikonal equations are solved using the fast sweeping method. The numerical results indicate the effectiveness of the model because the derived local flow-density relationship produces a second peak in the high-density region, which is consistent with previous empirical studies. Besides, the applicability of the model to an unstable condition is verified through the simulation of complex phenomena such as stop-and-go waves. Furthermore, the estimate of crowd pressure in the simulation results can be used as a risk-level indicator for crowd management and control.

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For an integral domain$R$and a non-zero non-unit$a$ε$R$we consider the number of distinct factorizations of$a$^{$n$}into irreducible elements of$R$for large$n$. Precise results are obtained for Krull domains and certain noetherian domains. In fact, we prove results valid for certain classes of monoids which then apply to the above-mentioned classes of domains.

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