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Let$M$be a connected, noncompact, complete Riemannian manifold, consider the operator$L=Δ+∇V$for some$V∈C$^{2}(M) with exp[$V$] integrable with respect to the Riemannian volume element. This paper studies the existence of the spectral gap of$L$. As a consequence of the main result, let ϱ be the distance function from a point o, then the spectral gap exists provided lim_{ϱ→∞}sup$L$_{ϱ<0}while the spectral gap does not exist if o is a pole and lim_{ϱ→∞}inf$L$_{ϱ≥0}. Moreover, the elliptic operators on$R$^{$d$}are also studied.

Given a domain Ω⊂ℂ^{$n$}, the Lempert function is a functional on the space $\text{Hol}(\mathbb{D},\Omega)$ of analytic disks with values in Ω, depending on a set of poles in Ω. We generalize its definition to the case where poles have multiplicities given by local indicators (in the sense of Rashkovskii) to obtain a function which still dominates the corresponding Green function, behaves relatively well under limits, and is monotonic with respect to the local indicators. In particular, this is an improvement over the previous generalization used by the same authors to find an example of a set of poles in the bidisk so that the (usual) Green and Lempert functions differ.

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