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We consider an electron with an anomalous magnetic moment, <i>g</i> &gt; &gt; 2, confined to a plane and interacting with a nonhomogeneous magnetic field <i>B</i>, and investigate the corresponding Pauli Hamiltonian. We prove a lower bound on the number of bound states for the case when <i>B</i> is of a compact support and the related flux is <i>N</i> + <i></i>, <i></i>(0, 1]. In particular, there are at least <i>N</i> + 1 bound states if <i>B</i> does not change sign. We also consider the situation where the magnetic field is due to a localized rotationally symmetric electric current vortex in the plane. In this case the flux is zero; there is a pair of bound states for a weak coupling, and higher orbital-momentum spin-down states appearing as the current strength increases.

We consider Schrdinger operators in dimension 2 with a singular interaction supported by an infinite family of concentric spheres, analogous to a system studied by Hempel and coauthors for regular potentials. The essential spectrum covers a half line determined by the appropriate one-dimensional comparison operator; it is dense pure point in the gaps of the latter. If the interaction is nontrivial and radially periodic, there are infinitely many absolutely continuous bands; in contrast to the regular case the lengths of the p.p. segments interlacing with the bands tend asymptotically to a positive constant in the high-energy limit.

In 2017, Ward Beullens et al. submitted Lifted Unbalanced Oil and Vinegar [3], which is a modification to the Unbalanced Oil and Vinegar Scheme by Patarin. Previously, Ding et al. proposed the Subfield Differential Attack [22] which prompted a change of parameters by the authors of LUOV for the second round of the NIST post quantum standardization competition [4]. In this paper we propose a modification to the Subfield Differential Attack called the Nested Subset Differential Attack which fully breaks half of the parameter sets put forward. We also show by experimentation that this attack is practically possible to do in under 210 min for the level I security parameters and not just a theoretical attack. The Nested Subset Differential attack is a large improvement of the Subfield differential attack which can be used in real world circumstances. Moreover, we will only use what is called the “lifted” structure of LUOV, and our attack can be thought as a development of solving “lifted” quadratic systems.