There are two important statements regarding the Trautman-Bondi mass at null infinity: one is the positivity, and the other is the Bondi mass loss formula, which are both global in nature. The positivity of the quasi-local mass can potentially lead to a local description at null infinity. This is confirmed for the Vaidya spacetime in this note. We study the Wang-Yau quasi-local mass on surfaces of fixed size at the null infinity of the Vaidya spacetime. The optimal embedding equation is solved explicitly and the quasi-local mass is evaluated in terms of the mass aspect function of the Vaidya spacetime.

This paper studies a notion of enumerative invariants for stable A-branes, and discusses its relation to invariants defined by spectral and exponential networks. A natural definition of stable A-branes and their counts is provided by the string theoretic origin of the topological A-model. This is the Witten index of the supersymmetric quantum mechanics of a single D3 brane supported on a special Lagrangian in a Calabi-Yau threefold. Geometrically, this is closely related to the Euler characteristic of the A-brane moduli space. Using the natural torus action on this moduli space, we reduce the computation of its Euler characteristic to a count of fixed points via equivariant localization. Studying the A-branes that correspond to fixed points, we make contact with definitions of spectral and exponential networks. We find agreement between the counts defined via the Witten index, and the BPS invariants defined by networks. By extension, our definition also matches with Donaldson-Thomas invariants of B-branes related by homological mirror symmetry.

Manifold parameterizations have been applied to various fields of commercial industries. Several efficient algorithms for the computation of triangular surface mesh parameterizations have been proposed in recent years. However, the computation of tetrahedral volumetric mesh parameterizations is more challenging due to the fact that the number of mesh points would become enormously large when the higher resolution mesh is considered and the bijectivity of parameterizations is more difficult to guarantee. In this paper, we develop a novel volumetric stretch energy minimization algorithm for volume-preserving parameterizations of simply connected 3-manifolds with a single boundary under the restriction that the boundary is a spherical area-preserving mapping. In addition, our algorithm can also be applied to compute spherical angle- and area-preserving parameterizations of genus-zero closed surfaces, respectively. Several numerical experiments indicate that the developed algorithms are more efficient and reliable compared to other existing algorithms. Numerical results on applications of the manifold partition and the mesh processing for three-dimensional printing are demonstrated thereafter to show the robustness of the proposed algorithm.

In computational complexity, a complexity class is given by a set of problems or functions, and a basic challenge is to show separations of complexity classes A!= B especially when A is known to be a subset of B. In this paper we introduce a homological theory of functions that can be used to establish complexity separations, while also providing other interesting consequences. We propose to associate a topological space S_A to each class of functions A, such that, to separate complexity classes A from a superclass B', it suffices to observe a change in" the number of holes", ie homology, in S_A as a subclass B of B'is added to A. In other words, if the homologies of S_A and S_ {A union B} are different, then A!= B'. We develop the underlying theory of functions based on homological commutative algebra and Stanley-Reisner theory, and prove a" maximal principle" for polynomial threshold functions that is used to recover Aspnes, Beigel, Furst, and Rudich's characterization of the polynomial threshold degree of symmetric functions. A surprising coincidence is demonstrated, where, roughly speaking, the maximal dimension of" holes" in S_A upper bounds the VC dimension of A, with equality for common computational cases such as the class of polynomial threshold functions or the class of linear functionals over the finite field of 2 elements, or common algebraic cases such as when the Stanley-Reisner ring of S_A is Cohen-Macaulay. As another interesting application of our theory, we prove a result that a priori has nothing to do with complexity separation: it characterizes when a vector subspace intersects the positive cone, in terms of homological

Let F be a foliation in a closed 3-manifold with negatively curved fundamental group and suppose that F is almost trans- verse to a quasigeodesic pseudo-Anosov °ow. We show that the leaves of the foliation in the universal cover extend continuously to the sphere at in¯nity; therefore the limit sets of the leaves are continuous images of the circle. One important corollary is that if F is a Reebless, ¯nite depth foliation in a hyperbolic 3-manifold, then it has the continuous extension property. Such ¯nite depth foliations exist whenever the second Betti number is non zero. The result also applies to other classes of foliations, including a large class of foliations where all leaves are dense, and in¯nitely many examples with one sided branching. One extremely useful tool is a detailed understanding of the topological structure and asymptotic properties of the 1-dimensional foliations in the leaves of e F induced by the stable and unstable foliations of the °ow.