This paper studies the moment boundedness of solutions of linear stochastic delay differential equations with distributed delay. For a linear stochastic delay differential equation, the rst moment stability is known to be identical to that of the corresponding deterministic delay differential equation. However, boundedness of the second moment is complicated and depends on the stochastic terms. In this paper, the characteristic function of the equation is obtained through techniques of the Laplace transform. From the characteristic equation, suf cient conditions for the second moment to be bounded or unbounded are proposed.

Adult stem cells, which exist throughout the body, multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells or to promote regeneration to repair damaged tissues. To perform these functions during the lifetime of organs or tissues, stem cells need to maintain their populations in a faithful distribution of their epigenetic states, which are suscepti- ble to stochastic fluctuations during each cell division, unexpected injury, and potential genetic mutations that occur during many cell divisions. However, it remains unclear how the three processes of differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis in regulating stem cells collectively manage these challenging tasks. Here, without consid- ering molecular details, we propose a genetic optimal control model for adult stem cell regeneration that includes the three fundamental processes, along with cell division and adaptation based on differ- ential fitnesses of phenotypes. In the model, stem cells with a distri- bution of epigenetic states are required to maximize expected performance after each cell division. We show that heteroge- neous proliferation that depends on the epigenetic states of stem cells can improve the maintenance of stem cell distributions to create balanced populations. A control strategy during each cell division leads to a feedback mechanism involving heterogeneous proliferation that can accelerate regeneration with less fluctuation in the stem cell population. When mutation is allowed, apoptosis evolves to maximize the performance during homeostasis after multiple cell divisions. The overall results highlight the importance of cross-talk between genetic and epigenetic regulation and the performance objectives during homeostasis in shaping a desirable heterogeneous distribution of stem cells in epigenetic states.

This paper gives a classification of first order polynomial differential operators of form $\mathscr{X} = X_1(x_1,x_2)\delta_1 + X_2(x_1,x_2)\delta_2$, $(\delta_i = \partial/\partial x_i)$. The classification is given through the order of an operator that is defined in this paper. Let $X=\mathscr{X}y$ to be the differential polynomial associated with $\mathscr{X}$, the order of $\mathscr{X}$, $\mathrm{ord}(\mathscr{X})$, is defined as the order of a differential ideal $\Lambda$ of differential polynomials that is a nontrivial expansion of the ideal $\{X\}$ and with the lowest order. In this paper, we prove that there are only four possible values for the order of a differential operator, $0$, $1$, $2$, $3$, or $\infty$. Furthermore, when the order is finite, the expansion $\Lambda$ is generated by $X$ and a differential polynomial $A$, which can be obtained through a rational solution of a partial differential equation that is given explicitly in this paper. When the order is infinite, the expansion $\Lambda$ is just the unit ideal. In additional, if, and only if, the order of $\mathscr{X}$ is $0$, $1$, or $2$, the polynomial differential equation associating with $\mathscr{X}$ has Liouvillian first integrals. Examples and connections with Godbilon-Vey sequences are also discussed.

In a recent preprint, Y. Namikawa proposed a conjecture on Q-factorial terminalizations and their birational geometry of nilpotent orbits. He proved his conjecture for classical simple Lie algebras. In this note, we prove his conjecture for exceptional simple Lie algebras. For the birational geometry, contrary to the classical case, two new types of Mukai flops appear.

We show that a compact Kaehler manifold X is a complex torus if both the continuous part and discrete part of some automorphism group G of X are infinite groups, unless X is bimeromorphic to a non-trivial G-equivariant fibration. Some applications to dynamics are given.