Ricci flow deformsthe Riemannian metric proportionallyto the curvature, such that the curvatureevolves accordingto a heat diffusion process and eventually becomes constant everywhere. Ricci flow has demonstrated its great potential by solving various problems in many fields, which can be hardly handled by alternative methods so far. This work introduces the unified theoretic framework for discrete Surface Ricci Flow, including all the common schemes: Tangential Circle Packing, Thurston’s Circle Packing, Inversive Distance Circle Packing and Discrete Yamabe Flow. Furthermore, this work also introduces a novel schemes, Virtual Radius Circle Packing and the Mixed Type schemes, under the unified framework. This work gives explicit geometric interpretation to the discrete Ricci energies for all the schemes with all back ground geometries, and the corresponding Hessian matrices. The unified frame work deepens our understanding to the the discrete surface Ricci flow theory, and has inspired us to discover the new schemes, improved the flexibility and robustness of the algorithms, greatly simplified the implementation and improved the efficiency. Experimental results show the unified surface Ricci flow algorithms can handle general surfaces with different topologies, and is robust to meshes with different qualities, and is effective for solving real problems.

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In this paper, we investigate the space of certain weak stability conditions on the triangulated category of D0-D2-D6 bound states on a smooth projective Calabi-Yau 3-fold. In the case of a quintic 3-fold, the resulting space is interpreted as a universal covering space of an infinitesimal neighborhood of the conifold point in the stringy K¨ahler moduli space. We then associate the DT type invariants counting semistable objects, which give new curve counting invariants on Calabi-Yau 3-folds. We also investigate the wall-crossing formula of our invariants and their interplay with the Seidel-Thomas twist.

We embed polarised orbifolds with cyclic stabiliser groups into weighted projective space via a weighted form of Kodaira embedding. Dividing by the (non-reductive) automorphisms of weighted projective space then formally gives a moduli space of orbifolds. We show how to express this as a reductive quotient and so a GIT problem, thus defining a notion of stability for orbifolds. We then prove an orbifold version of Donaldson’s theorem: the existence of an orbifold K¨ahler metric of constant scalar curvature implies K-semistability. By extending the notion of slope stability to orbifolds, we therefore get an explicit obstruction to the existence of constant scalar curvature orbifold K¨ahler metrics. We describe the manifold applications of this orbifold result, and show how many previously known results (Troyanov, Ghigi-Koll´ar, Rollin-Singer, the AdSCFT Sasaki-Einstein obstructions of Gauntlett-Martelli-Sparks-Yau) fit into this framework.

In this article, we describe various geometries on Riemannian manifolds via a unified approach using normed division algebras and vector cross products. They include K¨ahler geometry, Calabi-Yau geometry, hyperk¨ahler geometry, G2-geometry and geometry of Riemannian symmetric spaces.