<i>Peakons</i> are special weak solutions of a class of nonlinear partial differential equations modelling non-linear phenomena such as the breakdown of regularity and the onset of shocks. We show that the natural concept of weak solutions in the case of the modified CamassaHolm equation studied in this paper is dictated by the distributional compatibility of its Lax pair and, as a result, it differs from the one proposed and used in the literature based on the concept of weak solutions used for equations of the Burgers type. Subsequently, we give a complete construction of peakon solutions satisfying the modified CamassaHolm equation in the sense of distributions; our approach is based on solving certain inverse boundary value problem, the solution of which hinges on a combination of classical techniques of analysis involving Stieltjes continued fractions and multi-point Pad approximations. We propose

We prove we can build (transitive or nontransitive) Anosov flows on closed three-dimensional manifolds by gluing together filtrating neighborhoods of hyperbolic sets. We give several applications of this result; for example: 1.We build a closed three-dimensional manifold supporting both a transitive Anosov vector field and a nontransitive Anosov vector field. 2.For any n, we build a closed three-dimensional manifold M supporting at least n pairwise different Anosov vector fields. 3.We build transitive hyperbolic attractors with prescribed entrance foliation; in particular, we construct some incoherent transitive hyperbolic attractors. 4.We build a transitive Anosov vector field admitting infinitely many pairwise nonisotopic transverse tori.

Many discrete integrable systems exhibit the Laurent phenomenon. In this paper, we investigate three integrable systems: the Somos-4 recurrence, the Somos-5 recurrence, and a system related to so-called A_1 A_1-system, whose general solutions are derived in terms of Hankel determinant. As a result, we directly confirm that they satisfy the Laurent property. Additionally, it is shown that the Somos-5 recurrence can be viewed as a specified Backlund transformation of the Somos-4 recurrence. Related topics about Somos polynomials are also studied.

There is much research on the dynamical complexity on irregular sets andlevel sets of ergodic average from the perspective of density in base space, theHausdorff dimension, Lebesgue positive measure, positive or full topological entropy (andtopological pressure), etc. However, this is not the case from the viewpoint of chaos.There are many results on the relationship of positive topological entropy and variouschaos. However, positive topological entropy does not imply a strong version of chaos,called DC1. Therefore, it is non-trivial to study DC1 on irregular sets and level sets. Inthis paper, we will show that, for dynamical systems with specification properties, thereexist uncountable DC1-scrambled subsets in irregular sets and level sets. Meanwhile, weprove that several recurrent level sets of points with different recurrent frequency haveuncountable DC1-scrambled subsets. The major argument in proving the above results isthat there exists uncountable DC1-scrambled subsets in saturated sets.

To study arithmetic structures of natural numbers, we introduce a notion of entropy of arithmetic functions, called anqie entropy. This entropy possesses some crucial properties common to both Shannon's and Kolmogorov's entropies. We show that all arithmetic functions with zero anqie entropy form a C*-algebra. Its maximal ideal space defines our arithmetic compactification of natural numbers, which is totally disconnected but not extremely disconnected. We also compute the $K$-groups of the space of all continuous functions on the arithmetic compactification. As an application, we show that any topological dynamical system with topological entropy $\lambda$, can be approximated by symbolic dynamical systems with entropy less than or equal to $\lambda$.