We introduce fusion bialgebras and their duals and systematically study their Fourier analysis. As an application, we discover new efficient analytic obstructions on the unitary categorification of fusion rings. We prove the Hausdorff-Young inequality, uncertainty principles for fusion bialgebras and their duals. We show that the Schur product property, Young's inequality and the sum-set estimate hold for fusion bialgebras, but not always on their duals. If the fusion ring is the Grothendieck ring of a unitary fusion category, then these inequalities hold on the duals. Therefore, these inequalities are analytic obstructions of categorification. We classify simple integral fusion rings of Frobenius type up to rank 8 and of Frobenius-Perron dimension less than 4080. We find 34 ones, 4 of which are group-like and 28 of which can be eliminated by applying the Schur product property on the dual. In general, these inequalities are obstructions to subfactorize fusion bialgebras.

We prove uniqueness of ground state solutions$Q$=$Q$(|$x$|) ≥ 0 of the non-linear equation $$(-\Delta)^s Q+Q-Q^{\alpha+1}= 0 \quad {\rm in} \, \mathbb{R},$$ where 0 <$s$< 1 and 0 <$α$< 4$s$/(1−2$s$) for $${s<\frac{1}{2}}$$ and 0 <$α$<$∞$for $${s\geq \frac{1}{2}}$$ . Here (−Δ)^{$s$}denotes the fractional Laplacian in one dimension. In particular, we answer affirmatively an open question recently raised by Kenig–Martel–Robbiano and we generalize (by completely different techniques) the specific uniqueness result obtained by Amick and Toland for $${s=\frac{1}{2}}$$ and$α$= 1 in [5] for the Benjamin–Ono equation.

We give a new type of Schur-Weyl duality for the representations of a family of quantum subgroups and their centralizer algebra. We define and classify singly-generated, Yang-Baxter relation planar algebras. We present the skein theoretic construction of a new parameterized planar algebra. We construct infinitely many new subfactors and unitary fusion categories, and compute their trace formula as a closed-form expression, in terms of Young diagrams.

We prove that for any free ergodic probability measure-preserving action $${\mathbb{F}_n \curvearrowright (X, \mu)}$$ of a free group on$n$generators $${\mathbb{F}_n, 2\leq n \leq \infty}$$ , the associated group measure space II_{1}factor $${L^\infty (X)\rtimes \mathbb{F}_n}$$ has$L$^{∞}($X$) as its unique Cartan subalgebra, up to unitary conjugacy. We deduce that group measure space II_{1}factors arising from actions of free groups with different number of generators are never isomorphic. We actually prove unique Cartan decomposition results for II_{1}factors arising from arbitrary actions of a much larger family of groups, including all free products of amenable groups and their direct products.

We show that for any amenable group \Gamma and any Z\Gamma-module M of type FL with vanishing Euler characteristic, the entropy of the natural \Gamma-action on the Pontryagin dual of M is equal to the L^2-torsion of M. As a particular case, the entropy of the principal algebraic action associated with the module Z\Gamma / Z\Gamma f is equal to the logarithm of the Fuglede-Kadison determinant of f whenever f is a non-zero-divisor in Z\Gamma. This confirms a conjecture of Deninger. As a key step in the proof we provide a general Szeg\H{o}-type approximation theorem for the Fuglede-Kadison determinant on the group von Neumann algebra of an amenable group. As a consequence of the equality between L^2-torsion and entropy, we show that the L^2-torsion of a non-trivial amenable group with finite classifying space vanishes. This was conjectured by Lueck. Finally, we establish a Milnor-Turaev formula for the L^2-torsion of a finite \Delta-acyclic chain complex.