We give sharp estimates for the fractional maximal function in terms of Hausdorff capacity. At the same time we identify the real interpolation spaces between$L$_{1}and the Morrey space $\mathcal{L}^{1,\lambda}$ . The result can be viewed as an analogue of the Hardy–Littlewood maximal theorem for the fractional maximal function.

Exact propagators are obtained for the degenerate second order hyperbolic operators ∂^{2}_{$t$}-$t$^{2$l$}Δ_{$x$},$l$=1,2,..., by analytic continuation from the degenerate elliptic operators ∂^{2}_{$t$}+$t$^{2$l$}Δ_{$x$}. The partial Fourier transforms are also obtained in closed form, leading to integral transform formulas for certain combinations of Bessel functions and modified Bessel functions.

The spectral order on$R$^{$n$}induces a natural partial ordering on the manifold $\mathcal{H}_{n}$ of monic hyperbolic polynomials of degree$n$. We show that all differential operators of Laguerre–Pólya type preserve the spectral order. We also establish a global monotony property for infinite families of deformations of these operators parametrized by the space ℓ^{∞}of real bounded sequences. As a consequence, we deduce that the monoid $\mathcal{A}^{\prime}$ of linear operators that preserve averages of zero sets and hyperbolicity consists only of differential operators of Laguerre–Pólya type which are both extensive and isotonic. In particular, these results imply that any hyperbolic polynomial is the global minimum of its $\mathcal{A}^{\prime}$ -orbit and that Appell polynomials are characterized by a global minimum property with respect to the spectral order.

We study spectral and scattering properties of the Laplacian$H$^{(σ)}=-Δ in $L_2(\mathbf{R}^{d+1}_+)$ corresponding to the boundary condition $\frac{\partial u}{\partial\nu} + \sigma u = 0$ with a periodic function σ. For non-negative σ we prove that$H$^{(σ)}is unitarily equivalent to the Neumann Laplacian$H$^{(0)}. In general, there appear additional channels of scattering due to surface states. We prove absolute continuity of the spectrum of$H$^{(σ)}under mild assumptions on σ.

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