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It is known that, unlike the one dimensional case it is not possible to find an upper bound for the zeros of an entire map from$C$^{$n$}to$C$^{$n$},$n$≥2, in terms of the growth of the map. However, if we only consider the “non-degenerate” zeros, that is, the zeros where the jacobian is not “too small”, it becomes possible. We give a new proof of this fact.

Exact propagators are obtained for the degenerate second order hyperbolic operators ∂^{2}_{$t$}-$t$^{2$l$}Δ_{$x$},$l$=1,2,..., by analytic continuation from the degenerate elliptic operators ∂^{2}_{$t$}+$t$^{2$l$}Δ_{$x$}. The partial Fourier transforms are also obtained in closed form, leading to integral transform formulas for certain combinations of Bessel functions and modified Bessel functions.

LWE/RLWE-based cryptosystems require sampling error term from discrete Gaussian distribution. However, some existing samplers are somehow slow under certain circumstances therefore efficiency of such schemes is restricted. In this paper, we introduce a more efficient discretized Gaussian sampler based on ziggurat sampling algorithm. We also analyze statistical quality of our sampler to prove that it can be adopted in LWE/RLWE-based cryptosystems. Compared with ziggurat-based sampler by Buchmann et al. related samplers by Peikert, Ducas et al. and Knuth-Yao, our sampler achieves more than 2x speedup when standard deviation is large. This can benefit constructions rely on noise flooding (e.g., homomorphic encryption). We also present two applications: First, we use our sampler to optimize the RLWE-based authenticated key exchange (AKE) protocol by Zhang et al. We achieve 1.14x speedup on total runtime of this protocol over major parameter choices. Second, we give practical post-quantum Transport Layer Security (TLS) ciphersuite. Our ciphersuite inherits advantages from TLS and the optimized AKE protocol. Performance of our proof-of-concept implementation is close to TLS v1.2 ciphersuites and one post-quantum TLS construction.