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The antiferromagnetic Heisenberg spin chain of odd spin S is in the Haldane phase with several defining physical properties, such as thermodynamical ground-state degeneracy, symmetry-protected edge states, and nonzero string order parameter. If nonzero hole concentration δ and hole hopping energy t are considered, the spin chain is replaced by a spin-S t-J chain. The motivation of this paper is to generalize the discussions of the Haldane phase to the doped spin chain. The first result of this paper is that, for the model considered here, the \mathbb{Z}_2 sign structure in the usual Ising basis can be totally removed by two consecutive unitary transformations consisting of a spatially local one and a nonlocal one. Direct from the sign structure, the second result of this paper is that the Marshall theorem and the Lieb-Mattis theorem for pure spin systems are generalized to the t-J chain for arbitrary S and δ. A corollary of the theorem provides us with the ground-state degeneracy in the thermodynamic limit. The third result of this paper is about the phase diagram. We show that the defining properties of the Haldane phase survive in the small t/J limit. The large t/J phase supports a gapped spin sector with similar properties (ground-state degeneracy, edge state, and string order parameter) of the Haldane chain, although the charge sector is gapless.

In this note, we prove a sharp lower bound for the log canonical threshold of a plurisubharmonic function $${\varphi}$$ with an isolated singularity at 0 in an open subset of $${\mathbb{C}^n}$$ . This threshold is defined as the supremum of constants$c$> 0 such that $${e^{-2c\varphi}}$$ is integrable on a neighborhood of 0. We relate $${c(\varphi)}$$ to the intermediate multiplicity numbers $${e_j(\varphi)}$$ , defined as the Lelong numbers of $${(dd^c\varphi)^j}$$ at 0 (so that in particular $${e_0(\varphi)=1}$$ ). Our main result is that $${c(\varphi)\geqslant\sum_{j=0}^{n-1} e_j(\varphi)/e_{j+1}(\varphi)}$$ . This inequality is shown to be sharp; it simultaneously improves the classical result $${c(\varphi)\geqslant 1/e_1(\varphi)}$$ due to Skoda, as well as the lower estimate $${c(\varphi)\geqslant n/e_n(\varphi)^{1/n}}$$ which has received crucial applications to birational geometry in recent years. The proof consists in a reduction to the toric case, i.e. singularities arising from monomial ideals.

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Nonsingular matrix subspaces can be separated into two categories: by being either invertible, or merely possessing invertible elements. The former class was introduced for factoring matrices into the product of two matrices. With the latter, the problem of characterizing the inverses and related nonlinear matrix geometries arises. For the singular elements there is a natural concept of spectrum defined in terms of determinantal hypersurfaces, linking matrix analysis with algebraic geometry. With this, matrix subspaces and the respective Grassmannians are split into equivalence classes. Conditioning of matrix subspaces is addressed.