We prove that all maximal-tb positive Legendrian torus links (n,m) in the standard contact 3-sphere, except for (2,m), (3,3), (3,4) and (3,5), admit infinitely many Lagrangian fillings in the standard symplectic 4-ball. This is proven by constructing infinite order Lagrangian concordances that induce faithful actions of the modular group PSL(2,Z) and the mapping class group M0,4 into the coordinate rings of algebraic varieties associated to Legendrian links. In particular, our results imply that there exist Lagrangian concordance monoids with subgroups of exponential-growth, and yield Stein surfaces homotopic to a 2-sphere with infinitely many distinct exact Lagrangian surfaces of higher-genus. We also show that there exist infinitely many satellite and hyperbolic knots with Legendrian representatives admitting infinitely many exact Lagrangian fillings.

We exhibit the first examples of hyperbolic three-manifolds for which the Seiberg-Witten equations do not admit any irreducible solution. Our approach relies on hyperbolic geometry in an essential way; it combines an explicit upper bound for the first eigenvalue on coexact 1-forms λ_1^* on rational homology spheres which admit irreducible solutions together with a version of the Selberg trace formula relating the spectrum of the Laplacian on coexact 1-forms with the volume and complex length spectrum of a hyperbolic three-manifold. Using these relationships, we also provide precise numerical bounds on λ_1^* for several hyperbolic rational homology spheres.

For a random walk on a finitely generated group G we obtain a generalization of a classical inequality of Ancona. We deduce as a corollary that the identity map on G extends to a continuous equivariant surjection from the Martin boundary to the Floyd boundary, with preimages of conical points being singletons. This provides new results for Martin compactifications of relatively hyperbolic groups.

We consider two-stage hybrid protocols that combine quantum resources and classical resources to generate classical correlations shared by two separated players. Our motivation is twofold. First, in the near future, the scale of quantum information processing is quite limited, and when quantum resource available is not sufficient for certain tasks, a possible way to strengthen the capability of quantum schemes is introducing extra classical resources. We analyze the mathematical structures of these hybrid protocols, and characterize the relation between the amount of quantum resources and classical resources needed. Second, a fundamental open problem in communication complexity theory is to describe the advantage of sharing prior quantum entanglement over sharing prior randomness, which is still widely open. It turns out that our quantum and classical hybrid protocols provide new insight into this important problem.

We consider the Ising model at its critical temperature with external magnetic field ha15/8 on the square lattice with lattice spacing a. We show that the truncated two-point function in this model decays exponentially with a rate independent of a as a ↓ 0. As a consequence, we show exponential decay in the near-critical scaling limit Euclidean magnetization field. For the lattice model with a = 1, the mass (inverse correlation length) is of order h8/15 as h ↓ 0; for the Euclidean field, it equals exactly Ch8/15 for some C. Although there has been much progress in the study of critical scaling limits, results on near-critical models are far fewer due to the lack of conformal invariance away from the critical point. Our arguments combine lattice and continuum FK representations, including coupled conformal loop and measure ensembles, showing that such ensembles can be useful even in the study of near-critical scaling limits. Thus we provide the first substantial application of measure ensembles.