We consider an ancient solution g(·, t) of the Ricci flow on a compact surface that exists for t 2 (−1, T ) and becomes spherical at time t = T . We prove that the metric g(·, t) is either a family of contracting spheres, which is a type I ancient solution, or a King–Rosenau solution, which is a type II ancient solution.

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This article is a continuation of our work on the classification of holomorphic framed vertex operator algebras of central charge 24. We show that a holomorphic framed VOA of central charge 24 is uniquely determined by the Lie algebra structure of its weight one subspace. As a consequence, we completely classify all holomorphic framed vertex operator algebras of central charge 24 and show that there exist exactly 56 such vertex operator algebras, up to isomorphism.

A surgery on a knot in 3-sphere is called SU(2)-cyclic if it gives a manifold whose fundamental group has no non-cyclic SU(2) representations. Using holonomy perturbations on the Chern-Simons functional, we prove that the distance of two SU(2)-cyclic surgery coefficients is bounded by the sum of the absolute values of their numerators. This is an analog of Culler-Gordon-Luecke-Shalen's cyclic surgery theorem.