In this Note we prove that, under a weaker condition than the-lemma, the existence of balanced metrics is preserved under small deformations. This weaker condition is satisfied on the twistor space over a compact self-dual four manifold.

We prove, in the setting of a measure energy space (M, ,(, )), that if the smallest eigenvalue 1 () of the generator of the Dirichlet form in any precompact open set M admits the estimate 1 () ()- where is a measure absolutely continuous with respect to and > 0 then a similar estimate holds for the kth smallest eigenvalue: k () const (k/ ()) . As an application, we obtain an upper estimate of the stability index of a minimal surface in [inline-graphic xmlns: xlink=" http://www. w3. org/1999/xlink" xlink: href=" 01i"/] via the total curvature.

We give a lower estimate of the gap of the first two eigenvalues of the Schrodinger operator in the case when the potential is strongly convex. In particular, if the Hessian of the potential is bounded from below by a positive constant, the gap has a lower bound independent of the dimension. We also estimate the gap when the potential is not necessarily convex.

We prove that for spacetimes solving the EinsteinMaxwell (EM) equations, the electromagnetic field contributes at highest order to the nonlinear memory effect of gravitational waves. In Nonlinear nature of gravitation and gravitational-wave experiments, Christodoulou showed that gravitational waves have a nonlinear memory. He discussed how this effect can be measured as a permanent displacement of test masses in a laser interferometer gravitational-wave detector. Christodoulou derived a precise formula for this permanent displacement in the Einstein vacuum (EV) case. We prove in Theorem 2.6 that for the EM equations this permanent displacement exhibits a term coming from the electromagnetic field. This term is at the same highest order as the purely gravitational term that governs the EV situation. On the other hand, in Section 3, we show that to leading order, the presence of the electromagnetic field

Gravitational waves are predicted by the general theory of relativity. It has been shown that gravitational waves have a nonlinear memory, displacing test masses permanently. This is called the Christodoulou memory. We proved that the electromagnetic field contributes at highest order to the nonlinear memory effect of gravitational waves, enlarging the permanent displacement of test masses. In experiments like LISA or LIGO which measure distances of test masses, the Christodoulou memory will manifest itself as a permanent displacement of these objects. It has been suggested to detect the Christodoulou memory effect using radio telescopes investigating small changes in pulsar's pulse arrival times. The latter experiments are based on present-day technology and measure changes in frequency. In the present paper, we study the electromagnetic Christodoulou memory effect and compute it for binary neutron