In this paper, we consider the initial-boundary value problem of the 3D primitive equations for planetary oceanic and atmospheric dynamics with only horizontal eddy viscosity in the horizontal momentum equations and only horizontal diffusion in the temperature equation. Global well-posedness of strong solution is established for any $H^2$ initial data. An $N$-dimensional logarithmic Sobolev embedding inequality, which bounds the $L^\infty$ norm in terms of the $L^q$ norms up to a logarithm of the $L^p$-norm, for $p>N$, of the first order derivatives, and a system version of the classic Gronwall inequality are exploited to establish the required a priori $H^2$ estimates for the global regularity.

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In the first part of this paper, we study Koszul property of directed graded categories. In the second part of this paper, we prove a general criterion for an infinite directed category to be Koszul. We show that infinite directed categories in the theory of representation stability are Koszul over a field of characteristic zero

We consider$Thurston maps$, i.e., branched covering maps$f:S$^{2}→$S$^{2}that are$post-critically finite$. In addition, we assume that$f$is$expanding$in a suitable sense. It is shown that each sufficiently high iterate$F$=$f$^{$n$}of$f$is$semi-conjugate$to$z$^{$d$}:$S$^{1}→$S$^{1}, where$d$= deg F. More precisely, for such an$F$we construct a$Peano curve γ$:$S$^{1}→$S$^{2}(onto), such that$F$∘$γ$($z$) =$γ$($z$^{$d$}) (for all$z$∈$S$^{1}).

We prove that for any free ergodic probability measure-preserving action $${\mathbb{F}_n \curvearrowright (X, \mu)}$$ of a free group on$n$generators $${\mathbb{F}_n, 2\leq n \leq \infty}$$ , the associated group measure space II_{1}factor $${L^\infty (X)\rtimes \mathbb{F}_n}$$ has$L$^{∞}($X$) as its unique Cartan subalgebra, up to unitary conjugacy. We deduce that group measure space II_{1}factors arising from actions of free groups with different number of generators are never isomorphic. We actually prove unique Cartan decomposition results for II_{1}factors arising from arbitrary actions of a much larger family of groups, including all free products of amenable groups and their direct products.