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We explain how the classical notions of Fisher information of a random variable and Fisher information matrix of a random vector can be extended to a much broader setting. We also show that Stam’s inequality for Fisher information and Shannon entropy, as well as the more generalized versions proved earlier by the authors, are all special cases of more general sharp inequalities satisfied by random vectors. The extremal random vectors, which we call generalized Gaussians, contain Gaussians as a limiting case but are noteworthy because they are heavy- tailed.

Based on work of Rasmussen [Ras03], we construct a concordance invariant associated to the knot Floer complex, and exhibit examples in which this invariant gives arbitrarily better bounds on the 4-ball genus than the Ozsv ́ath-Szab ́o τ invariant.

A vast class of exponential functions are shown to be deterministic. This class includes functions whose exponents are polynomial-like or ``piece-wise'' close to polynomials after differentiation. Many of these functions are proved to be disjoint from the M\"obius function.

Let$S$be a closed Shimura variety uniformized by the complex$n$-ball associated with a standard unitary group. The Hodge conjecture predicts that every Hodge class in $${H^{2k} (S, \mathbb{Q})}$$ , $${k=0,\dots, n}$$ , is algebraic. We show that this holds for all degrees$k$away from the neighborhood $${\bigl]\tfrac13n,\tfrac23n\bigr[}$$ of the middle degree. We also prove the Tate conjecture for the same degrees as the Hodge conjecture and the generalized form of the Hodge conjecture in degrees away from an interval (depending on the codimension$c$of the subvariety) centered at the middle dimension of S. These results are derived from a general theorem that applies to all Shimura varieties associated with standard unitary groups of any signature. The proofs make use of Arthur’s endoscopic classification of automorphic representations of classical groups. As such our results rely on the stabilization of the trace formula for the (disconnected) groups $${GL (N) \rtimes \langle \theta \rangle}$$ associated with base change.