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Numerical schemes provably preserving the positivity of density and pressure are highly desirable for ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), but the rigorous positivity-preserving (PP) analysis remains challenging. The difficulties mainly arise from the intrinsic complexity of the MHD equations as well as the indeterminate relation between the PP property and the divergence-free condition on the magnetic field. This paper presents the first rigorous PP analysis of conservative schemes with the Lax--Friedrichs (LF) flux for 1D and multidimensional ideal MHD. The significant innovation is the discovery of the theoretical connection between the PP property and a discrete divergence-free (DDF) condition. This connection is established through the generalized LF splitting properties, which are alternatives to the usually expected LF splitting property that does not hold for ideal MHD. The generalized LF splitting properties involve a number of admissible states strongly coupled by the DDF condition, making their derivation very difficult. We derive these properties via a novel equivalent form of the admissible state set and an important inequality, which is skillfully constructed by technical estimates. Rigorous PP analysis is then presented for finite volume and discontinuous Galerkin schemes with the LF flux on uniform Cartesian meshes. In the 1D case, the PP property is proved for the first-order scheme with proper numerical viscosity, and also for arbitrarily high-order schemes under conditions accessible by a PP limiter. In the 2D case, we show that the DDF condition is necessary and crucial for achieving the PP property. It is observed that even slightly violating the proposed DDF condition may cause failure to preserve the positivity of pressure. We prove that the 2D LF type scheme with proper numerical viscosity preserves both the positivity and the DDF condition. Sufficient conditions are derived for 2D PP high-order schemes, and extension to 3D is discussed. Numerical examples provided in the supplementary material further confirm the theoretical findings.

Let G be a connected reductive complex algebraic group, and E a complex elliptic curve. Let GE denote the connected component of the trivial bundle in the stack of semistable Gbundles on E. We introduce a complex analytic uniformization of G_E by adjoint quotients of reductive subgroups of the loop group of G. This can be viewed as a nonabelian version of the classical complex analytic uniformization E=C^∗/q^Z. We similarly construct a complex analytic uniformization of G itself via the exponential map, providing a nonabelian version of the standard isomorphism C^∗= C/Z, and a complex analytic uniformization of G_E generalizing the standard presentation E = C/(Z ⊕ Zτ). Finally, we apply these results to the study of sheaves with nilpotent singular support. As an application to Betti geometric Langlands conjecture in genus 1, we define a functor from Sh_N(G_E) (the semistable part of the automorphic category) to IndCoh_{Nˇ}(Locsys_{Gˇ}(E)) (the spectral category).

Some uniform theorems on the artinianness of certain local cohomology modules are proven in a general situation. They generalize and imply previous results about the artinianness of some special local cohomology modules in the graded case.

The new edition of this book detailing the theory of linear-Hilbert space operators and their use in quantum physics contains two new chapters devoted to properties of quantum waveguides and quantum graphs. The bibliography contains 130 new items.