This work is devoted to the numerical computation of complex band structure $\k=\k(\omega)\in\mathbb C^3$ for positive $\omega$ of three dimensional isotropic dispersive or non-dispersive photonic crystals from the perspective of structured quadratic eigenvalue problems (QEPs). Our basic strategy is to fix two degrees of freedom in $\k\in\mathbb C^3$ and to view the remaining one as the eigenvalue of a quadratic operator pencil derived from Maxwell's equations. Then Yee's scheme is employed to discretize $\nabla\times$ and $\k\times$ operators in this quadratic operator pencil. Distinct from the others' works which either ignore or directly exploit the Hamiltonian structure of the spectrum of the resulting QEP, we reformulate this QEP into an equivalent $\top$-palindromic QEP to facilitate the use of superior structure-preserving algorithms. Ultimately we rely on the structured Arnoldi algorithm, namely the G$\top$SHIRA algorithm, to compute eigenvalues of a $\top$-skew-Hamiltonian pair which are near or in $[-2,2]$, a much narrower region than the whole positive real axis in the origin problem. Moreover, to accelerate the inner iterations of the G$\top$SHIRA algorithm, we propose the preconditioning technique, making most of the eigenmatrix, which can essentially be seen as the Kronecker product of three discrete Fourier transformation matrices, of the commutative discretized $\partial_x,\partial_y,\partial_z$ operators. The advantage of our method is discussed in detail and corroborated by several numerical results.

We determine the asymptotics of the independence number of the random d-regular graph for all d≥d0. It is highly concentrated, with constant-order fluctuations around nα∗−c∗logn for explicit constants α∗(d) and c∗(d). Our proof rigorously confirms the one-step replica symmetry breaking heuristics for this problem, and we believe the techniques will be more broadly applicable to the study of other combinatorial properties of random graphs.

We prove a lower bound for the first Steklov eigenvalue of embedded minimal hypersurfaces with free boundary in a compact n-dimensional Riemannian manifold which has nonnegative Ricci curvature and strictly convex boundary. When n=3, this implies an apriori curvature estimate for these minimal surfaces in terms of the geometry of the ambient manifold and the topology of the minimal surface. An important consequence of the estimate is a smooth compactness theorem for embedded minimal surfaces with free boundary when the topological type of these minimal surfaces is fixed.

In this paper, the first in a series, we study the deformed Hermitian-Yang-Mills (dHYM) equation from the variational point of view as an infinite dimensional GIT problem. The dHYM equation is mirror to the special Lagrangian equation, and our infinite dimensional GIT problem is mirror to Thomas' GIT picture for special Lagrangians. This gives rise to infinite dimensional manifold $\mathcal{H}$ closely related to Solomon's space of positive Lagrangians. In the hypercritical phase case we prove the existence of smooth approximate geodesics, and weak geodesics with $C^{1,\alpha}$ regularity. This is accomplished by proving sharp with respect to scale estimates for the Lagrangian phase operator on collapsing manifolds with boundary. As an application of our techniques we give a simplified proof of Chen's theorem on the existence of $C^{1,\alpha}$ geodesics in the space of K\"ahler metrics. In two follow up papers, these results will be used to examine algebraic obstructions to the existence of solutions to dHYM and special Lagrangians in Landau-Ginzburg models.

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