This paper investigates infinite-time spreading and finite-time blow-up for the Keller-Segel system. For 0 < m ≤ 2 − 2 / d, the L p space for both dynamic and steady solutions are detected with ${p:=\frac{d(2-m)}{2} }$ . Firstly, the global existence of the weak solution is proved for small initial data in L p . Moreover, when m > 1 − 2 / d, the weak solution preserves mass and satisfies the hyper-contractive estimates in L q for any p < q < ∞. Furthermore, for slow diffusion 1 < m ≤ 2 − 2/d, this weak solution is also a weak entropy solution which blows up at finite time provided by the initial negative free energy. For m > 2 − 2/d, the hyper-contractive estimates are also obtained. Finally, we focus on the L p norm of the steady solutions, it is shown that the energy critical exponent m = 2d/(d + 2) is the critical exponent separating finite L p norm and infinite L p norm for the steady state solutions.

We prove that weak solutions to the obstacle problem for the porous medium equation are locally Hölder continuous, provided that the obstacle is Hölder continuous.

Due to the highly degeneracy and singularities of the entropy equation, the physical entropy for viscous and heat conductive polytropic gases behave singularly in the presence of vacuum and it is thus a challenge to study its dynamics. It is shown in this paper that the uniform boundedness of the entropy and the inhomogeneous Sobolev regularities of the velocity and temperature can be propagated for viscous and heat conductive gases in $\mathbb R^3$, provided that the initial vacuum occurs only at far fields with suitably slow decay of the initial density. Precisely, it is proved that for any strong solution to the Cauchy problem of the heat conductive compressible Navier--Stokes equations, the corresponding entropy keeps uniformly bounded and the $L^2$ regularities of the velocity and temperature can be propagated, up to the existing time of the solution, as long as the initial density vanishes only at far fields with a rate no more than $O(\frac{1}{|x|^2})$. The main tools are some singularly weighted energy estimates and an elaborate De Giorgi type iteration technique. The De Giorgi type iterations are carried out to different equations in establishing the lower and upper bounds of the entropy.

The immersed boundary method is one of the most useful computational methods in studying fluid structure interaction. On the other hand, the Immersed Boundary method is also known to require small time steps to maintain stability when solved with an explicit method. Many implicit or approximately implicit methods have been proposed in the literature to remove this severe time step stability constraint, but none of them give satisfactory performance. In this paper, we propose an efficient semi-implicit scheme to remove this stiffness from the immersed boundary method for the Navier–Stokes equations. The construction of our semi-implicit scheme consists of two steps. First, we obtain a semiimplicit discretization which is proved to be unconditionally stable. This unconditionally stable semi-implicit scheme is still quite expensive to implement in practice. Next, we apply the small scale decomposition to the unconditionally stable semi-implicit scheme to construct our efficient semi-implicit scheme. Unlike other implicit or semi-implicit schemes proposed in the literature, our semi-implicit scheme can be solved explicitly in the spectral space. Thus the computational cost of our semi-implicit schemes is comparable to that of an explicit scheme. Our extensive numerical experiments show that our semiimplicit scheme has much better stability property than an explicit scheme. This offers a substantial computational saving in using the immersed boundary method.

An analogue of the well-known $$ \frac{3}{{16}} $$ lower bound for the first eigenvalue of the Laplacian for a congruence hyperbolic surface is proven for a congruence tower associated with any non-elementary subgroup$L$of SL(2,$Z$). The proof in the case that the Hausdorff of the limit set of$L$is bigger than $$ \frac{1}{2} $$ is based on a general result which allows one to transfer such bounds from a combinatorial version to this archimedian setting. In the case that delta is less than $$ \frac{1}{2} $$ we formulate and prove a somewhat weaker version of this phenomenon in terms of poles of the corresponding dynamical zeta function. These “spectral gaps” are then applied to sieving problems on orbits of such groups.