In this article, we propose the notion of the general $p$-affine capacity and prove some basic properties for the general $p$-affine capacity, such as affine invariance and monotonicity. The newly proposed general $p$-affine capacity is compared with several classical geometric quantities, e.g., the volume, the $p$-variational capacity and the $p$-integral affine surface area. Consequently, several sharp geometric inequalities for the general $p$-affine capacity are obtained. These inequalities extend and strengthen many well-known (affine) isoperimetric and (affine) isocapacitary inequalities.

We prove that a proper geodesic metric space has non-positive curvature in the sense of Alexandrov if and only if it satisfies the Euclidean isoperimetric inequality for curves. Our result extends to non-geodesic spaces and non-zero curvature bounds.

Let $K\subset\R^3$ be a convex body and let $\Pi K$ be its projection body. We prove \[ \frac{V_3(\Pi K)}{V_3(K)^2} \ge \frac{3\pi^2}{4}, \] with equality exactly for ellipsoids. The proof combines a section estimate of Saroglou with a sharp one-dimensional functional inequality. The latter is proved by passing to the distribution function and approximating it by step functions. We also prove the complementary sharp upper bound \( V_3(\Pi K)/V_3(K)^2\le18, \) which is attained by tetrahedra.