Among all the interesting spaces in topology, the spheres are no doubt beautiful objects and of most consideration since antiquity. Any nontrivial observations of them are of course very important. From the categorical point of view, we should not just focus on the objects themselves, but the morphisms between them as well. For this purpose, in algebraic topology, we do want to classify the set of continuous morphisms between spheres under the equivalent relation named homotopy, which describes a continuous deformation between two continuous maps. Let Sn be the n-sphere and k (X) be the set of homotopic equivalent based maps from Sk to X. For the reason that Sk is a double suspension when k 2, the set is actually an abelian group. A natural question is, what are these abelian groups?

Recently Freed and Hopkins [11] proved that there is no parity anomaly in M-theory on pin+ manifolds in the low-energy field theory approximation, and they also developed an algebraic theory of cubic forms. Earlier Witten [33] proved the anomaly cancellation for spin manifolds by introducing the E8-bundle technique. Motivated by the cubic forms and the anomaly cancellation formulas of Witten-Freed-Hopkins, we give some new cubic forms on spin, spinc, spinω2 and orientable 12- manifolds respectively. We relate them to η-invariants when the manifolds are with boundary, and mod 2 indices on 10 dimensional characteristic submanifolds when the manifolds are spinc or spinω2 . Our method of producing these cubic forms is a combination of (generalized) Witten classes and the character of the basic representation of affine E8.

Persistent homology is constrained to purely topological persistence, while multiscale graphs account only for geometric information. This work introduces persistent spectral theory to create a unified low-dimensional multiscale paradigm for revealing topological persistence and extracting geometric shapes from high-dimensional datasets. For a point-cloud dataset, a filtration procedure is used to generate a sequence of chain complexes and associated families of simplicial complexes and chains, from which we construct persistent combinatorial Laplacian matrices. We show that a full set of topological persistence can be completely recovered from the harmonic persistent spectra, that is, the spectra that have zero eigenvalues, of the persistent combinatorial Laplacian matrices. However, non-harmonic spectra of the Laplacian matrices induced by the filtration offer another powerful tool for data analysis, modeling, and prediction. In this work, fullerene stability is predicted by using both harmonic spectra and non-harmonic persistent spectra, while the latter spectra are successfully devised to analyze the structure of fullerenes and model protein flexibility, which cannot be straightforwardly extracted from the current persistent homology. The proposed method is found to provide excellent predictions of the protein B-factors for which current popular biophysical models break down.

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The path complex and its homology were defined in the previous papers of authors. The theory of path complexes is a natural discrete generalization of the theory of simplicial complexes and the homology of path complexes provide homotopy invariant homology theory of digraphs and (nondirected) graphs. In the paper we study the homology theory of path complexes. In particular, we describe functorial properties of paths complexes, introduce notion of homotopy for path complexes and prove the homotopy invariance of path homology groups. We prove also several theorems that are similar to the results of classical homology theory of simplicial complexes. Then we apply obtained results for construction homology theories on various categories of hypergraphs. We describe basic properties of these homology theories and relations between them. As a particular case, these results give new homology theories on the category of simplicial complexes.