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We prove that energy minimizing Yang–Mills connections on compact homogeneous 4-manifolds are either instantons or split into a sum of instantons on passage to the adjoint bundle. We prove related results for Calabi–Yau 3-folds and for 3−dimensional manifolds of nonnegative Ricci curvature.

The main object of this paper is to find a criterion for comparison of two tests for non-parametric hypotheses, taking advantage of the qualitative information that may exist. After a detailed analysis of the problem and some earlier suggestins for its solution (sections 2–4), a criterion is suggested in section 5. In order to apply it to a concrete case, a location problem is specified in section 6. The rank tests to be compared are analyzed in section 7, and the comparison by way of the criterion is carried out in section 8. It turns out that sign tests, sometimes slightly modified, are very often optimal according to the criterion used.

This article focuses on numerically studying the eigenstructure behavior of generalized eigenvalue problems (GEPs) arising in three dimensional (3D) source-free Maxwell's equations with magnetoelectric coupling effects which model 3D reciprocal chiral media. It is challenging to solve such a large-scale GEP efficiently. We combine the null-space free method with the inexact shift-invert residual Arnoldi method and MINRES linear solver to solve the GEP with a matrix dimension as large as 5,308,416. The eigenstructure is heavily determined by the chirality parameter $\gamma$. We show that all the eigenvalues are real and finite for a small chirality $\gamma$. For a critical value $\gamma = \gamma^*$, the GEP has $2 \times 2$ Jordan blocks at infinity eigenvalues. Numerical results demonstrate that when $\gamma$ increases from $\gamma^*$, the $2 \times 2$ Jordan block will first split into a complex conjugate eigenpair, then rapidly collide \tr{with} the real axis and bifurcate into \tr{positive (resonance) and negative eigenvalues with modulus} smaller than the other existing positive eigenvalues. The resonance band also exhibits an anticrossing interaction. Moreover, the electric and magnetic fields of the resonance modes are localized inside the structure, with only a slight amount of field leaking into the background (dielectric) material.

We give a new, simple algorithm for simultaneous degree elevation and knot insertion for B-spline curves. The method is based on the simple approach of computing derivatives using the control points, resampling the knot vector, and then computing the new control points from the derivatives. We compare our approach with previous algorithms and illustrate it with examples.