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A priori estimates are established for the two-phase boundary value problems with Venttsel interface conditions for linear nondivergent parabolic and elliptic equations. By these estimates, the existence and uniqueness theorems in Sobolev and Hölder spaces are proved.

We present a 3D topological picture-language for quantum information. Our approach combines charged excitations carried by strings, with topological properties that arise from embedding the strings in the interior of a 3D manifold with boundary. A quon is a composite that acts as a particle. Specifically, a quon is a hemisphere containing a neutral pair of open strings with opposite charge. We interpret multiquons and their transformations in a natural way. We obtain a type of relation, a string–genus “joint relation,” involving both a string and the 3D manifold. We use the joint relation to obtain a topological interpretation of the C* Hopf algebra relations, which are widely used in tensor networks. We obtain a 3D representation of the controlled NOT (CNOT) gate that is considerably simpler than earlier work, and a 3D topological protocol for teleportation.

This Paper is aimed to study a generalization of the Catlan Conjecture (The only nontrivial solution to& x^m-y^n=1& is x=3,m=2,y=2,n=3), that is, to determine the nontrivial solutions to& x^m-2y^n=1&. To solve this problem, I study some arithmetic properties of the solutions to Pell equation, or more precisely, when the minimum solution is fixed, the properties about factors of the recursive solutions to the equation. Furthermore, I apply these properties into the study of& x^m-2y^n=1& and obtain some successful results when n is restricted to be even. What’s more, some applications of these arithmetic properties in other problems are contained in the paper as well.