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In this paper we study the ($L$^{$p$}($u$^{$p$}),$L$^{$q$}($v$^{$q$})) boundedness of the higher order commutators$T$_{$Ω,α,b$}^{$m$}and$M$_{$Ω,α,b$}^{$m$}formed by the fractional integral operator$T$_{$Ω,α$}, the fractional maximal operator$M$_{$Ω,α$}, and a function$b(x)$in BMO($v$), respectively.

A modified theory of general relativity is proposed, where the gravitational constant is replaced by a dynamical variable in space-time. The dynamics of the gravitational coupling is described by a family of parametrized null geodesics, implying that the gravitational coupling at a space-time point is determined by solving transport equations along all null geodesics through this point. General relativity with dynamical gravitational coupling (DGC) is introduced. We motivate DGC from general considerations and explain how it arises in the context of causal fermion systems. The underlying physical idea is that the gravitational coupling is determined by microscopic structures on the Planck scale which propagate with the speed of light. In order to clarify the mathematical structure, we analyze the conformal behaviorn and prove local existence and uniqueness of the time evolution. The differences to Einstein’s theory are worked out in the examples of the Friedmann-RobertsonWalker model and the spherically symmetric collapse of a shell of matter. Potential implications for the problem of dark matter and for inflation are discussed. It is shown that the effects in the solar system are too small for being observable in present-day experiments.

We propose efficient Eulerian methods for approximating the finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE). The idea is to compute the related flow map using the Level Set Method and the Liouville equation. There are several advantages of the proposed approach. Unlike the usual Lagrangian-type computations, the resulting method requires the velocity field defined only at discrete locations. No interpolation of the velocity field is needed. Also, the method automatically stops a particle trajectory in the case when the ray hits the boundary of the computational domain. The computational complexity of the algorithm is <i>O</i>(<i>x</i>^(<i>d</i>+1)) with <i>d</i> the dimension of the physical space. Since there are the same number of mesh points in the <i>x</i><i>t</i> space, the computational complexity of the proposed Eulerian approach is optimal in the sense that each grid point is visited for only <i>O</i>(1) time. We also extend the algorithm to compute the FTLE