We consider two natural problems arising in geometry which are equivalent to the local solvability of specific equations of Monge- Amp`ere type. These two problems are: the local isometric embedding problem for two-dimensional Riemannian manifolds, and the problem of locally prescribed Gaussian curvature for surfaces in R3. We prove a general local existence result for a large class of Monge-Amp`ere equations in the plane, and obtain as corollaries the existence of regular solutions to both problems, in the case that the Gaussian curvature vanishes to arbitrary finite order on a single smooth curve.

In this paper, we propose a multi-scale discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for second-order elliptic problems with curvilinear unidirectional rough coefficients by choosing a special non-polynomial approximation space. The key ingredient of the method lies in the incorporation of the local oscillatory features of the differential operators into the approximation space so as to capture the multi-scale solutions without having to resolve the finest scales. The unidirectional feature of the rough coefficients allows us to construct the basis functions of the DG non-polynomial approximation space explicitly, thereby greatly increasing the algorithm efficiency. Detailed error estimates for two-dimensional second-order DG methods are derived, and a general guidance on how to construct such non-polynomial basis is discussed. Numerical examples are also presented to validate and demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.

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Inequalities of the form $$\sum\nolimits_{k = 0}^\infty {|\hat f(m_k )|/(k + 1) \leqslant C||f||_1 } $$ for all$f$∈$H$^{1}, where {$m$_{$k$}} are special subsequences of natural numbers, are investigated in the vector-valued setting. It is proved that Hardy's inequality and the generalized Hardy inequality are equivalent for vector valued Hardy spaces defined in terms ff atoms and that they actually characterize$B$-convexity. It is also shown that for 1<$q$<∞ and 0<α<∞ the space$X=H$(1,$q$,γa) consisting of analytic functions on the unit disc such that $$\int_0^1 {(1 - r)^{q\alpha - 1} M_1^q (f,r) dr< \infty } $$ satisfies the previous inequality for vector valued functions in$H$^{1}($X$), defined as the space of$X$-valued Bochner integrable functions on the torus whose negative Fourier coefficients vanish, for the case {$m$_{$k$}}={2^{k}} but not for {$m$_{$k$}}={$k$^{$a$}} for any α ∈ N.