NRODUCTION LET y be a rectifiable Jordan curve in three-dimensional euclidean space. Answering an old question, whether y can bound a surface with minimal area, Douglas [l I] and Rad6 [45](independently) found a minimal surface spanning y which is parametrized by the disk. This minimal surface has minimal area among all Lipschitz maps from the disk into R3 which span y. The question whether this solution has branch points or not was finally settled by Osserman [42], who proved that there are no interior true branch points, and by Gulliver [lS], who proved that there are no interior false branch points.

We introduce a semi-algebraic structure on the set of all isotopy classes of non-separating simple closed curves in any compact oriented surface and show that the structure is finitely generated. As a consequence, we produce a natural finite dimensional linear representation of the mapping class group of the surface. Applications to the Teichmller space, Thurston's measured lamination space, the harmonic Beltrami differentials, and the first cohomology groups of the surface are discussed.

Based on work of Rasmussen [Ras03], we construct a concordance invariant associated to the knot Floer complex, and exhibit examples in which this invariant gives arbitrarily better bounds on the 4-ball genus than the Ozsv ́ath-Szab ́o τ invariant.

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In this article, we continue the work in Guan-Li and study a normalized hypersurface flow in the more general ambient setting of warped product spaces. This flow preserves the volume of the bounded domain enclosed by a graphical hypersurface, and monotonically decreases the hypersurface area. As an application, the isoperimetric problem in warped product spaces is solved for such domains.