We consider localized deformation for initial data sets of the Einstein field equations with the dominant energy condition. Deformation results with the weak inequality need to be handled delicately. We introduce a modified constraint operator to absorb the first order change of the metric in the dominant energy condition. By establishing the local surjectivity theorem, we can promote the dominant energy condition to the strict inequality by compactly supported variations and obtain new gluing results with the dominant energy condition. The proof of local surjectivity is a modification of the earlier work for the usual constraint map by the first named author and R. Schoen and by P. Chru\'sciel and E. Delay, with some refined analysis.

A variational formula for the Lutwak affine surface areas j of convex bodies in Rn is established when 1 ≤ j ≤ n − 1. By using introduced new ellipsoids associated with projection functions of convex bodies, we prove a sharp isoperimetric inequality for j , which opens up a new passage to attack the longstanding Lutwak conjecture in convex geometry.

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Sufficient conditions are given for the existence of solutions to the discrete LpMinkowski problem for p-capacity when 0 <p <1and 1 <p <2.

The action of the mapping class group of the thrice-punctured projective plane on its GL(2,C) character variety produces an algorithm for generating the simple length spectra of quasi-Fuchsian thrice-punctured projective planes. We apply this algorithm to quasi-Fuchsian representations of the corresponding fundamental group to prove: a sharp upper-bound for the length its shortest geodesic, a McShane identity and the surprising result of non-polynomial growth for the number of simple closed geodesic lengths.