We exhibit the first examples of hyperbolic three-manifolds for which the Seiberg-Witten equations do not admit any irreducible solution. Our approach relies on hyperbolic geometry in an essential way; it combines an explicit upper bound for the first eigenvalue on coexact 1-forms λ_1^* on rational homology spheres which admit irreducible solutions together with a version of the Selberg trace formula relating the spectrum of the Laplacian on coexact 1-forms with the volume and complex length spectrum of a hyperbolic three-manifold. Using these relationships, we also provide precise numerical bounds on λ_1^* for several hyperbolic rational homology spheres.

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The main results of this paper involve general algebraic differentials ω on a general pencil of algebraic curves. We show how to determine whether ω is integrable in elementary terms for infinitely many members of the pencil. In particular, this corrects an assertion of James Davenport from 1981 and provides the first proof, even in rather strengthened form. We also indicate analogies with work of Andre and Hrushovski and with the Grothendieck–Katz Conjecture. To reach this goal, we first provide proofs of independent results which extend conclusions of relative Manin–Mumford type allied to the Zilber–Pink conjectures: we characterise torsion points lying on a general curve in a general abelian scheme of arbitrary relative dimension at least 2. In turn, we present yet another application of the latter results to a rather general pencil of Pell equations A^2−DB^2=1 over a polynomial ring. We determine whether the Pell equation (with squarefree D) is solvable for infinitely many members of the pencil.

Let$Z$($t$) be the classical Hardy function in the theory of Riemann’s zeta-function. An asymptotic formula with an error term$O$($T$^{1/6}log$T$) is given for the integral of$Z$($t$) over the interval [0,$T$], with special attention paid to the critical cases when the fractional part of $\sqrt{T/2\pi }$ is close to $\frac{1}{4}$ or $\frac{3}{4}$ .

A vast class of exponential functions are shown to be deterministic. This class includes functions whose exponents are polynomial-like or ``piece-wise'' close to polynomials after differentiation. Many of these functions are proved to be disjoint from the M\"obius function.