LPS is a main causative agent of septic shock. There is a lack of effective therapies. In vitro studies have shown that uptake of apoptotic cells actively inhibits the secretion by activated macrophages (M) of proinflammatory mediators such as TNF- and that such uptake increases the antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-. We therefore investigated the protective effect of apoptotic cells against LPS-induced endotoxic shock in mice. The current report is the first study to demonstrate that administration of apoptotic cells can protect mice from LPS-induced death, even when apoptotic cells were administered 24 h after LPS challenge. The beneficial effects of administration of apoptotic cells included 1) reduced circulating proinflammatory cytokines, 2) suppression of polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration in target organs, and 3) decreased serum LPS levels. LPS can quickly bind to apoptotic cells

Motivated by the paper Grard-Varet and Dormy (2010) [6] [JAMS, 2010] about the linear ill-posedness for the Prandtl equations around a shear flow with exponential decay in normal variable, and the recent study of well-posedness on the Prandtl equations in Sobolev spaces, this paper aims to extend the result in [6] to the case when the shear flow has general decay. The key observation is to construct an approximate solution that captures the initial layer to the linearized problem motivated by the precise formulation of solutions to the inviscid Prandtl equations.

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We develop geometric techniques for counting BPS states in five-dimensional gauge theories engineered by M theory on a toric Calabi–Yau threefold. The problem is approached by studying framed 3d–5d wall-crossing in the presence of a single M5 brane wrapping a special Lagrangian submanifold L. The spectrum of 3d–5d BPS states is encoded by the geometry of the manifold of vacua of the 3d–5d system, which further coincides with the mirror curve describing moduli of the Lagrangian brane. The information about the BPS spectrum is extracted from the geometry of the mirror curve by construction of a nonabelianization map for the exponential networks. For the simplest Calabi–Yau, C^3 we reproduce the count of 5d BPS states and match predictions of 3d tt∗ geometry for the count of 3d–5d BPS states. We comment on applications of our construction to the study of enumerative invariants of toric Calabi–Yau threefolds.

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