For the free surface problem of the highly subsonic heat-conducting inviscid flow in 2-D and 3-D, a priori estimates for geometric quantities of free surfaces, such as the second fundamental form and the injectivity radius of the normal exponential map, and the Sobolev norms of fluid variables are proved by investigating the coupling of the boundary geometry and the interior solutions. An interesting feature for the free surface problem studied in this paper is the loss of one more derivative than the problem of incompressible Euler equations for which a geometric approach was introduced by Christodoulou and Lindblad in [11]. Due to the loss of one more derivative and loss of symmetry of equations, the geometric approach in [11] needs to be substantially developed by exploring the interaction of large variation of temperature, heat-conduction, non-zero divergence of the fluid velocity and the evolution of free surfaces.

No abstract uploaded!

Recent understandings of molecular evolution, together with the fossil records, have established that there are both linear and nonlinear processes in the creation of novel species, which is strikingly similar to the generation of prime numbers and human creativity. Each creation of a more complex species is like a prime number, unpredictable, discontinuous, and yet can be modeled by a smooth curve in relation to time. The mystery behind the complexity increases in nature and human civilizations might well turn out to be similar to that behind the appearances of prime numbers. Here we show that an algorithm for the creative process of humans can create prime numbers in a lawful and yet unpredictable fashion. The essence of primes is the duality of uniqueness and uniformity together with the creation algorithm. The algorithm consists of the non-linear process of uniformity selection to create the unique and the linear process of uniqueness selection to form the uniformity. The iterations of this algorithm can create an infinite number of primes. The algorithm appears to have been hardwired in the human brain as shown by recent experimental studies. This new understanding can deduce some of the best-known properties of primes and may explain the nearly constant and yet seemingly random creation of novelty in relation to time.

We define quasi-local conserved quantities in general relativity by using the optimal isometric embedding in Wang and Yau (Commun Math Phys 288(3):919–942, 2009) to transplant Killing fields in the Minkowski spacetime back to the 2-surface of interest in a physical spacetime. To each optimal isometric embedding, a dual element of the Lie algebra of the Lorentz group is assigned. Quasi-local angular momentum and quasi-local center of mass correspond to pairing this element with rotation Killing fields and boost Killing fields, respectively. They obey classical transformation laws under the action of the Poincaré group. We further justify these definitions by considering their limits as the total angular momentum and the total center of mass of an isolated system. These expressions were derived from the Hamilton–Jacobi analysis of the gravitational action and thus satisfy conservation laws. As a result, we obtained an invariant total angular momentum theorem in the Kerr spacetime. For a vacuum asymptotically flat initial data set of order 1, it is shown that the limits are always finite without any extra assumptions. We also study these total conserved quantities on a family of asymptotically flat initial data sets evolving by the vacuum Einstein evolution equation. It is shown that the total angular momentum is conserved under the evolution. For the total center of mass, the classical dynamical formula relating the center of mass, energy, and linear momentum is recovered, in the nonlinear context of initial data sets evolving by the vacuum Einstein evolution equation. The definition of quasi-local angular momentum provides an answer to the second problem in classical general relativity on Penrose’s list (Proc R Soc Lond Ser A 381(1780):53–63, 1982).

No abstract uploaded!