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Graph theory is important in information theory. We introduce a quantization process on graphs and apply the quantized graphs in quantum information. The quon language provides a mathematical theory to study such quantized graphs in a general framework. We give a new method to construct graphical quantum error correcting codes on quantized graphs and characterize all optimal ones. We establish a further connection to geometric group theory and construct quantum low-density parity-check stabilizer codes on the Cayley graphs of groups. Their logical qubits can be encoded by the ground states of newly constructed exactly solvable models with translation-invariant local Hamiltonians. Moreover, the Hamiltonian is gapped in the large limit when the underlying group is infinite.

We introduce and analyze lower ($Ricci$) curvature bounds $ \underline{{Curv}} {\left( {M,d,m} \right)} $ ⩾$K$for metric measure spaces $ {\left( {M,d,m} \right)} $ . Our definition is based on convexity properties of the relative entropy $ Ent{\left( { \cdot \left| m \right.} \right)} $ regarded as a function on the$L$_{2}-Wasserstein space of probability measures on the metric space $ {\left( {M,d} \right)} $ . Among others, we show that $ \underline{{Curv}} {\left( {M,d,m} \right)} $ ⩾$K$implies estimates for the volume growth of concentric balls. For Riemannian manifolds, $ \underline{{Curv}} {\left( {M,d,m} \right)} $ ⩾$K$if and only if $ Ric_{M} {\left( {\xi ,\xi } \right)} $ ⩾$K$ $ {\left| \xi \right|}^{2} $ for all $ \xi \in TM $ .

The relationship between Lp affine surface area and curvature measures is investigated. As a result, a new representation of the existing notion of Lp affine surface area depending only on curvature measures is derived. Direct proofs of the equivalence between this new representation and those previously known are provided. The proofs show that the new representation is, in a sense, “polar” to that of Lutwak’s and “dual” to that of Schutt & Werner’s.

It is a classical result of Sobolev spaces that any $H^1$ function has a well-defined $H^{1/2}$ trace on the boundary of a sufficient regular domain. We discuss its recent extensions given in \cite{TiDu16} in some heterogeneously localized nonlocal function spaces. The new trace theorems are stronger and more general than the classical result. They can be established essentially for all functions having only square integrability away from the boundary or in any compact subset of interior domain. Yet, the heterogeneous localization offers the necessary regularity precisely at the boundary to have well-defined traces. A consequence is that we may study associated Dirichlet type boundary value problems, as well as the coupling of local and nonlocal equations through co-dimension-1 interfaces. %Their derivations not only involve various extensions of classical inequalities but also %require new techniques absent from traditional approaches.