Although the decay in time estimates of the semi-group generated by the linearized Boltzmann operator without forcing have been well established, there is no corresponding result for the case with general external force. This paper is mainly concerned with the optimal decay estimates on the solution operator in some weighted Sobolev spaces for the linearized Boltzmann equation with a time dependent external force. No time decay assumption is made on the force. The proof is based on both the energy method through the macro-micro decomposition and the <i>L</i> ^<i>p</i>-<i>L</i> ^<i>q</i> estimates from the spectral analysis. The decay estimates thus obtained are applied to the study on the global existence of the Cauchy problem to the nonlinear Boltzmann equation with time dependent external force and source. Precisely, for space dimension <i>n</i>3, the

The global existence of weak solutions to the compressible NavierStokes equations with vacuum attracts many research interests nowadays. For the isentropic gas, the viscosity coefficient depends on density function from physical point of view. When the density function connects to vacuum continuously, the vacuum degeneracy gives some analytic difficulties in proving global existence. In this paper, we consider this case with gravitational force and fixed boundary condition. By giving a series of <i>a priori</i> estimates on the solution coping with the degeneracy of vacuum, gravitational force and boundary effect, we give global existence and uniqueness results similar to the case without force and boundary. Copyright 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

We establish the solvability of second order divergence-type parabolic systems in Sobolev spaces. The leading coefficients are assumed to be merely measurable in one spatial direction on each small parabolic cylinder with the spatial direction allowed to depend on the cylinder. In the other orthogonal directions and the time variable, the coefficients have locally small mean oscillations. We also obtain the corresponding $W^1_p$-solvability of second order elliptic systems in divergence form. This type of system arises from the problems of linearly elastic laminates and composite materials. Our results are new even for scalar equations, and the proofs differ from and simplify the methods used previously in [H. Dong and D. Kim, <i>Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal.</i>, 196 (2010), pp. 2570]. As an application, we improve a result by Chipot, Kinderlehrer, and Vergara-Caffarelli [<i>Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal.</i>, 96 (1986), pp. 8196] on

A key difficulty in the analysis and numerical approximation of the shallow water equations is the nonconservative product of measures due to the gravitational force acting on a sloped bottom. Solutions may be nonunique, and numerical schemes are not only consistent discretizations of the shallow water equations, but they also determine how to model the physics. Our derivation is based on a subcell reconstruction using infinitesimal singular layers at the cell boundaries, as inspired by S. Noelle, Y. Xing, and C.-W. Shu [J. Comput. Phys., 226 (2007), pp. 29-58]. One key step is to separate the singular measures. Another aspect is the reconstruction of the solution variables in the singular layers. We study three reconstructions. The first leads to the well-known scheme of Audusse et al., [SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 25 (2004), pp. 2050-2065], which introduces the hydrostatic reconstruction. The second is a modification proposed in [T. Morales de Luna, M. J. Castro D´ıaz, and C. Par´es, Appl. Math. Comput., 219 (2013), pp. 9012-9032], which analyzes whether a wave has enough energy to overcome a step. The third is our new scheme, which borrows its structure from the wet-dry front. For a number of cases discussed in recent years, where water runs down a hill, Audusse’s scheme converges slowly or fails. Morales’ scheme gives a visible improvement. Both schemes are clearly outperformed by our new scheme.

In this paper, the L p convergence rates of planar diffusion waves for multi-dimensional Euler equations with damping are considered. The analysis relies on a newly introduced frequency decomposition and Green function based energy method. It is a combination of the L p estimate on the low frequency component by using an approximate Green function and L 2 estimate on the high frequency component through the energy method. By noticing that the low frequency component in the approximate Green function has the algebraic decay which governs the large time behavior, while the high frequency component has the exponential decay but with singularity, their combination leads to a global algebraic decay estimate. To use the decay property only of the low frequency component in the approximate Green function avoids the singularity in the high frequency component so that it simplifies and improves the