The Prime Density Triangle offers a novel combinatorial framework for exploring properties of prime numbers. From the algebraic relations embedded within this triangle, specifically the coupled expressions X^p1± p1and X^p0± p0, we derive two closed-form sequences.First, the multiplication of these expressions yields the sequence Sn(m) = (mn+ n2)1/(n+2), which converges to m. Second, by a deliberate construction—replacing the additive denominator n + 2 with the multiplicative denominator 2n—we obtain the Exponential-Polynomial Root Mean (EPRM) defined by Rn(m) = (mn+ n2)1/(2n) for m > 0 and n ∈ N. This construction provides a closed-form, non-iterative method for approximating √m for sufficiently large n. In this paper, we present a complete derivation of both sequences from the Prime Den- sity Triangle’s algebraic frameworks, rigorous convergence proofs including asymptotic error analysis, detailed worked examples for m = 2, 3, 5 with explicit computations, numerical summary tables, explicit iterations for classical methods (Babylonian and Newton-Raphson), and a comprehensive comparison. The approach is elementary and highlights the dominance of exponential terms over polynomial corrections.

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For a real analytic periodic function 𝜙: ℝ→ℝ, an integer 𝑏≥2 and 𝜆∈(1/𝑏,1), we prove the following dichotomy for the Weierstrass-type function 𝑊(𝑥)=∑_{𝑛≥0} 𝜆^𝑛 𝜙(𝑏^𝑛 𝑥): Either W(x) is real analytic, or the Hausdorff dimension of its graph is equal to 2+log𝑏𝜆. Furthermore, given b and 𝜙, the former alternative only happens for finitely many 𝜆 unless 𝜙 is constant.

We study L^p inequalities that sharpen the triangle inequality for sums of N functions in L^p.

We define piecewise continuous almost automorphic (p.c.a.a.) functions in the manners of Bochner, Bohr and Levitan, respectively, to describe almost automorphic motions in impulsive systems, and prove that with certain prefixed possible discontinuities they are equivalent to quasi-uniformly continuous Stepanov almost automorphic ones. Spatially almost automorphic sets on the line, which serve as suitable objects containing discontinuities of p.c.a.a. functions, are characterized in the manners of Bochner, Bohr and Levitan, respectively, and shown to be equivalent. Two Favard's theorems are established to illuminate the importance and convenience of p.c.a.a. functions in the study of almost periodically forced impulsive systems.