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We deal with a stationary problem of a reaction–diffusion system with a conservation law under the Neu-mann boundary condition. It is shown that the stationary problem turns to be the Euler–Lagrange equation of an energy functional with a mass constraint. When the domain is the finite interval (0, 1), we investigate the asymptotic profile of a strictly monotone minimizer of the energy as d, the ratio of the diffusion coef-ficient of the system, tends to zero. In view of a logarithmic function in the leading term of the potential, we get to a scaling parameter κsatisfying the relation ε:=√d=√logκ/κ2. The main result shows that a sequence of minimizers converges to a Dirac mass multiplied by the total mass and that by a scaling with κthe asymptotic profile exhibits a parabola in the nonvanishing region. We also prove the existence of an unstable monotone solution when the mass is small.

As V. I. Arnold observed in the 1960s, the Euler equations of incompressible fluid flow correspond formally to geodesic equations in a group of volume-preserving diffeomorphisms. Working in an Eulerian framework, we study incompressible flows of shapes as critical paths for action (kinetic energy) along transport paths constrained to be shape densities (characteristic functions). The formal geodesic equations for this problem are Euler equations for incompressible, inviscid potential flow of fluid with zero pressure and surface tension on the free boundary. The problem of minimizing this action exhibits an instability associated with microdroplet formation, with the following outcomes: Any two shapes of equal volume can be approximately connected by an Euler spray---a countable superposition of ellipsoidal geodesics. The infimum of the action is the Wasserstein distance squared, and is almost never attained except in dimension 1. Every Wasserstein geodesic between bounded densities of compact support provides a solution of the (compressible) pressureless Euler system that is a weak limit of (incompressible) Euler sprays. Each such Wasserstein geodesic is also the unique minimizer of a relaxed least-action principle for a two-fluid mixture theory corresponding to incompressible fluid mixed with vacuum.

In this paper, we consider the initial-boundary value problem of the 3D primitive equations for planetary oceanic and atmospheric dynamics with only horizontal eddy viscosity in the horizontal momentum equations and only horizontal diffusion in the temperature equation. Global well-posedness of strong solution is established for any $H^2$ initial data. An $N$-dimensional logarithmic Sobolev embedding inequality, which bounds the $L^\infty$ norm in terms of the $L^q$ norms up to a logarithm of the $L^p$-norm, for $p>N$, of the first order derivatives, and a system version of the classic Gronwall inequality are exploited to establish the required a priori $H^2$ estimates for the global regularity.